E
When different species of birds flock (聚集) together, their flight formations are determined by social dynamics both between and within species.
New research from the Universities of Cambridge and Exeter reveals for the first time that, contrary to current models used to explain the movement of flocks, the differences between bird species and social relationships between individuals play a critical role in determining the dynamics of mixed-species flocks.
The unified(群集) behaviour of bird flocks has puzzled scientists for hundreds of years. One naturalist from the turn of the century even suggested telepathy(心靈感應(yīng))may be involved. There have since been more logical explanations, including mathematical models that show that repeated interactions among individuals following simple rules can generate coordinated (協(xié)同的)group movements. However, these models usually rely on the assumption that individuals within groups are identical and interact independently, which may not reflect reality.
Jolle Jolles, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge's Department of Zoology and author of the paper, said：“Spectacular collective behaviour can be found in a large range of animal species, and we now know that often these complex coordinated group movements may be the result of individuals following simple rules. However, rarely are the individual characteristics and social relationships within them taken into account. Our research highlights that these striking displays of group behaviour are much more complex.”
By analysing high-resolution photographs of mixed flocks of rooks and jackdaws (both from the corvid family), the researchers found that rather than individuals interacting in a consistent fashion throughout the flock, interactions depended on social dynamics between the different species as well as relationships within a species.
The researchers discovered that birds prefer to fly close to members of their own species, and that the larger and more dominant rooks take the lead by flying near the front of flocks. Additionally, the lifelong, monogamous(一妻一夫制的)pair bonds that are characteristic of both species seem to be reflected in flight, as birds often fly particularly close to a single, same-species partner.
Dr Alex Thornton, principal investigator of the Cambridge Jackdaw Project, now at the University of Exeter and author of the paper, said: “Together, our findings demonstrate that to understand the structure of groups — such as bird flocks — we need to consider the characteristics and relationships of the individuals within them.”
67.The underlined word “generate” means ______.
A. set down            B. take away C. bring about             D. give up
68. According to Jolle Jolles, what are seldom considered about coordinated group movement?
A. Individual characteristics and social relationship between them
B. Repeated interactions among individuals and social dynamics
C. Telepathy and social relationship between them
D. The structure of groups and the varieties of species
69. Birds may prefer to fly the closest to _____ .
A. the largest one B. the most dynamic one
C. the lifelong partner D. the friendly partner
70. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. How birds interact in simple rules.
B. How birds of different feathers flock together.
C. Why birds show preference to flocking.
D. Why birds display the characteristics.

第四部分：書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）
第一節(jié)：完成句子（共10小題；每小題2分，滿分20分）
閱讀下列各小題，根據(jù)漢語提示，用句末括號內(nèi)的英語單詞完成句子，并將答案寫在答題卡上的相應(yīng)題號后。
71. I wonder if it is because she has got tired of doing the same work day after day ______________________ a change. (eager)
我在想是不是因為她厭倦了日復(fù)一日的工作，她才渴望做一下改變。
72. It was the first time since 1938 that Brazil______________________ a World Cup semi-final. (lose)
這是自1938年以來，巴西第一次輸?shù)袅耸澜绫�的半決賽。
73. One of the features of London is the number of big stores, ______________________ in or near the West End. (locate)  
倫敦的特征之一就是大商店的數(shù)目，這些大商店大多數(shù)位于或靠近西端。
74._____________________ should remember to turn off the light. (leave)
不論是誰最后離開房間，都應(yīng)該記得去關(guān)燈。
75.I like to listen to the programs of VOA, but sometimes, especially in the daytime, they _____________________. (pick)  
我喜歡聽美國之音的節(jié)目，但有時候，尤其是白天，很難收聽到節(jié)目。
76.Life is unpredictable; even the poorest_____________________. (become)
生活是不可預(yù)料的，即使是最貧窮的人也可能成為最富有的人。
77. In a way, _____________________the result shows that she has made much effort and is thirsty for success. (upset)
從某種角度看，對結(jié)果的憂慮不安表明她付出了許多努力，對成功很渴望。
78. So _____________________ work that he is awarded the best worker in his company. (bury)
他是如此專心于他的工作以致于他被譽(yù)為公司最佳員工。
79. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth_____________________ every year. (wash)
隨著更多的森林被毀壞，每年有大量的好土地正被沖走。 
80. He did not come to beg me to excuse his rude manner as I hoped he would, but instead acted as if _____________________. (happen) 
他沒像我希望的那樣來乞求我原諒他的粗魯行為,卻表現(xiàn)得好像什么也沒發(fā)生過。

第二節(jié): 短文寫作（共1題；滿分30分）
請你根據(jù)以下提示，并結(jié)合事例，用英語寫一篇短文。
Whatever the situation, the best advice is to obey the Golden Rule： treat others as you would like to be treated. 
注意: ①無須寫標(biāo)題；
②除詩歌外，文體不限；  
③內(nèi)容必須結(jié)合你生活中的一個事例； 
④文中不得透露個人姓名和學(xué)校名稱；
⑤詞數(shù)不少于120，如引用提示語則不計入總詞數(shù)。
英語學(xué)習(xí)  http://m.seo-9.cn/english/